History Today : Prophet Muhammad sets out to take mecca, calendar take effect

• 153 BC Roman consuls begin their year in office.
• 45 BC The Julian calendar takes effect for the first time
• 1 Origin of the Christian Era
• 69 Roman garrison of Mainz uprising
• 89 Gov Lucius Antonius Saturninus of Germany becomes emperor of Rome
• 313 Start of Roman (Pontifical) Indiction
• 404 Last gladiator competition in Rome
• 630 The Prophet Muhammad sets out toward Mecca with the army that captures it bloodlessly.
• 722 Hofmeier Charles Martel flees from bishop Willibrord
• 990 Russia adopts Julian calendar
• 1259 Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.
• 1430 Jews of Sicily are no longer required to attend conversionist services
• 1438 Albrecht II von Habsburg becomes king of Hungary
• 1494 Juw Dekama elected potentate of Frisia
• 1502 Portuguese navigators discover Rio de Janeiro
• 1504 King Louis XII loses last bulwark in Naples, Caeta
• 1515 Jews are expelled from Laibach Austria
• 1527 Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I of Austria as king of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.
• 1573 Geuzen sets fire to Woudrichem
• 1583 1st day of the Gregorian calendar in Holland & Flanders
• 1600 Scotland begins its numbered year on January 1 instead of 25 March.
• 1660 1st entry in Samuel Pepys' diary
• 1660 General Moncks army battles with the Tweed on way to London
• 1660 Thomas Fairfax's New Model Army occupies York
• 1672 Jean Racine's "Bajazet," premieres in Paris
• 1673 Regular mail delivery begins between NY & Boston
• 1675 Don Carlos de Gurrea/Aragon becomes Spanish land guardian of S Neth
• 1689 Pro-James II-earl of Danby occupies York
• 1700 Protestant Western Europe (except England) begin using Gregorian calendar
• 1700 Russia begins using the Anno Domini era and no longer uses the Anno Mundi era of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1707 John V succeeds his father Pedro II as king of Portugal
• 1710 Paris merchant Jean Marius obtains 5-year royal privilege for his invention of a folding umbrella - first in Europe
• 1739 J B C Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island, near Antarctica
• 1781 1,500 soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne's command rebel against the Continental Army's winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey as part of the Pennsylvania (Continentals; Regiment) Mutiny of 1781.
• 1785 "Daily Universal Register" (Times of London) publishes 1st issue
• 1788 London's Daily Universal Registrar becomes the Times
• 1788 Quakers in Pennsylvania emancipate their slaves
• 1797 Albany replaces NYC as capital of NY
• 1798 Russia appoints 1st Jewish censor to censor Hebrew books
• 1800 Dutch East Indies Company dissolves
• 1801 The Irish Parliament votes to join the Kingdom of Great Britain, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• 1801 The dwarf planet Ceres is discovered by Italian monk Giuseppe Piazzi.
• 1803 Emperor Gia Long orders all bronze wares of the Tây Sơn Dynasty to be collected and melted into nine cannons for the Royal Citadel in Huế, Vietnam.
• 1804 Haiti gains independence from France (National Day)
• 1807 Curacao is taken by English (until March, 1816)
• 1808 African Benevolent Society (education) forms
• 1808 Congress prohibits importation of slaves
• 1808 Sierra Leone becomes a British colony
• 1809 Holland Brigade under brig gen Chasse reaches Madrid
• 1814 Field marshal Blucher's troops cross the Rhine at Kaub
• 1818 Official reopening of the White House
• 1833 British government demands Falkland islands
• 1833 Curacao census: 2,602 whites, 6,531 free people & 5,894 slaves
• 1834 German Tolunie goes into effect
• 1838 1st official horse race in South Australia-Adelaide
• 1840 1st recorded bowling match in US, Knickerbocker Alleys, NYC
• 1842 1st illustrated weekly magazine in US publishes 1st issue, NYC
• 1844 1st edition of New Rotterdam's Daily (3x per week)
• 1845 The Cobble Hill Tunnel in Brooklyn is completed.
• 1846 Yucatan declares independence from Mexico
• 1847 Michigan is 1st state to abolish capital punishment
• 1847 Neth's Haarlem's Current newspaper starts publishing
• 1848 Britain takes Mosquito Coast from Nicaragua
• 1851 City of Glasgow steamer inaugurates Philadelphia-Liverpool line
• 1852 1st US public bath opens, in NYC
• 1852 National debt of Britain & Ireland is 765,126,582 pounds
• 1852 Netherlands begins issuing postage stamps
• 1853 1st practical fire engine (horse-drawn) in US enters service
• 1854 Lincoln University, a black college, chartered (Oxford, Penn)
• 1858 Canada begins using decimal currency system
• 1860 Slavery ends of in Neth Indies
• 1861 Porfirio Diaz conquers Mexico City
• 1862 1st US income tax (3% of incomes > $600, 5% of incomes > $10,000)
• 1862 Battle of Port Royal Ferry, South Carolina (US Civil War)
• 1863 1st homestead under the Homestead Act claimed, near Beatrice, Nebraska
• 1863 Battle of Galveston, Texas-Confederates recapture the city
• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln to free slaves in US confederate states
• 1879 John Brahms' Violin Concerto in D major premieres in Leipzig
• 1880 Building of Panama Canal, begins
• 1881 Dr John H Watson is introduced to Sherlock Holmes
• 1886 1st Tournament of Roses (Pasadena California)
• 1890 Eritrea is consolidated into a colony by the Italian government.
• 1891 French troops occupy Nioro, West-Sudan, 3000 killed
• 1891 King Pakketvaart sails to Neth Indies
• 1892 Ellis Island becomes reception center for new immigrants
• 1893 1st US college extension courses for credit, Univ of Chicago
• 1893 Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar
• 1893 The railway line from Germiston to Pretoria, South Africa, is opened to traffic.
• 1894 Denmark adopts Mid-European time
• 1894 Manchester Ship Canal in England opens to traffic
• 1894 South African Amateur Athletic Union is founded in Johannesburg.
• 1895 Norway adopts Mid-European time
• 1897 1st football game between black colleges-Atlanta U 10, Tuskegee 0
• 1898 Brooklyn merges with NY to form present City of NY
• 1898 Lightship replaces whistling buoy at mouth of SF Bay
• 1898 d'Annunzio's "Sogno d'un mattino di primavera," premieres in Rome
• 1899 Cuba liberated from Spanish rule by the US, American occupation continues till 1902
• 1900 1st date in John dos Passos' USA trilogy (The 42nd Parallel)
• 1900 Compulsory education in Netherlands goes into effect
• 1900 British protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria are established
• 1901 The Commonwealth of Australia is formed when the British (Imperial) Parliament Act, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, comes into effect
• 1902 Nathan Stubblefield makes 1st public demonstration of radio, Penn
• 1902 1st Rose Bowl: Michigan beats Stanford 49-0
• 1903 In Delhi, a great durbar, or formal reception, marks the coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India; the British release some 16,000 prisoners in honor of the occasion
• 1904 Neth Indies colony begins opium production
• 1905 9 hour work day for diamond miners
• 1906 Dutch law makes driver's license mandatory
• 1906 The poll tax of £1 per head on all adult male inhabitants of Natal, South Africa, except indentured Indians and married Blacks, imposed by the Natal parliament in 1905, becomes payable.
• 1908 1st time, ball signifying new year dropped at Times Square
• 1908 Jack Hobbs makes his Test debut at the MCG (83 & 28)
• 1909 Robert Fowler runs then world record marathon (2:52:45.4)
• 1909 Drilling begins on the Lakeview Gusher.
• 1909 In Great Britain, the Old Age Pension Law is finally instituted, providing pensions for every British subject over 70 with low income
• 1910 Simpson-Hayward (England) takes 6-43 on debut with underarm lobs
• 1911 Belgian Mining law introduces 9½ hour work day
• 1911 South Australia transfers Northern Territory to federal government
• 1912 1st running of SF's famed "Bay to Breakers" race (7.63 miles/12.3 km)
• 1912 Sun Yat-sen forms Chinese Republic
• 1912 The Republic of China is established.
• 1913 Post office begins parcel post deliveries
• 1913 8th Australasian Championships: James Cecil Parke beats Alfred Beamish (3-6, 6-3, 1-6, 6-1, 7-5)
• 1914 1st scheduled airline flight, St Petersburg-Tampa (Tony Jannus pilot)
• 1914 Klaas ter Laan becomes Neth's 1st socialist mayor (Zaandam)
• 1914 Northern & Southern Nigeria united in British colony of Nigeria
• 1915 DW Griffith shows "Clansman" at a sneak preview
• 1915 Jews of Laibach Austria expelled
• 1916 1st issue of "Journal of Negro History" published
• 1916 2nd Rose Bowl: Washington State beats Brown 14-0
• 1919 5th Rose Bowl: Great Lakes - US Navy beats Mare Island - USMC 17-0
• 1920 The Belorussian Communist Organisation is founded as a separate party.
• 1920 6th Rose Bowl: Harvard beats Oregon 7-6
• 1921 7th Rose Bowl: California beats Ohio State 28-0
• 1922 Vancouver, BC starts driving on the right side of road
• 1922 Coal miners in the Transvaal, South Africa, embark on a strike in response to a wage cut, which quickly escalated into a large-scale revolt against the government, known as the Rand Rebellion.
• 1923 Union of Socialist Soviet Republics established
• 1923 Britain's Railways are grouped into the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, and LMSR.
• 1923 9th Rose Bowl: Southern California beats Penn State, 14-3
• 1924 Grossdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft/Volkische Block replaces NSDAP
• 1924 10th Rose Bowl: Washington ties Navy, 14-14
• 1925 Norway's capital Christiania changes name to Oslo
• 1925 11th Rose Bowl: Notre Dame beats Stanford, 27-10
• 1926 Flood in Rhine strikes Cologne
• 1926 12th Rose Bowl: Alabama beats Washington, 20-19
• 1927 Communist uprising in West Java
• 1927 Dodgers announce release of future Hall of Fame Zack Wheat
• 1927 Turkey adopts the Gregorian calendar: December 18, 1926 (Julian), is immediately followed by January 1, 1927 (Gregorian).
• 1927 13th Rose Bowl: Stanford ties Alabama, 7-7
• 1928 1st US air-conditioned office building opens, San Antonio
• 1928 Algemeene Vereeniging Radio Omroep (AVRO) begins broadcasting (Neth)
• 1929 15th Rose Bowl: Georgia Tech beats California, 8-7 (Roy Riegels runs 60 yds the wrong way with fumble recovery)
• 1930 Earl Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to 2nd lieutenant
• 1930 Jurgens & Van den Berg merge with Lever Brothers to form Unilever
• 1930 16th Rose Bowl: Southern California beats Pittsburgh, 47-11
• 1931 17th Rose Bowl: Alabama beats Washington State, 24-0
• 1932 Jacob Cocey Sr chosen as mayor of Massillon Ohio
• 1932 Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt publishes Himmler's wedding laws
• 1932 The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth.
• 1932 18th Rose Bowl: Southern California beats Tulane, 21-12
• 1934 Alcatraz officially becomes a federal prison
• 1934 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (US bank guarantor) effective
• 1934 International Telecommunication Union established
• 1934 Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring".
• 1934 20th Rose Bowl: Columbia beats Stanford, 7-0
• 1935 Associated Press inaugurates Wirephoto
• 1935 Eastern Airlines hires Eddie Rickenbacker as GM
• 1935 President Mustapha Kemal Pasha names himself "Ataturk: Father of Turkey"
• 1935 21st Rose Bowl: Alabama beats Stanford, 29-13
• 1935 1st Sugar Bowl: Tulane beats Temple, 20-14
• 1935 1st Orange Bowl: Bucknell beats Miami (FL), 26-0
• 1936 1st newspaper to microfilm its current issues, NY Herald Tribune
• 2000 86th Rose Bowl: #4 Wisconsin beats #22 Stanford, 17-9
• 2000 66th Orange Bowl: #8 Michigan beats #5 Alabama, 35-34
• 2001 87th Rose Bowl: #4 Washington beats #14 Purdue, 34-24
• 2001 30th Fiesta Bowl: #5 Oregon State beats #10 Notre Dame, 41-9
• 2002 The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially comes into force.
• 2002 Euro banknotes and coins become legal tender in twelve of the European Union's member states.
• 2002 Taiwan officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Chinese Taipei.
• 2002 68th Sugar Bowl: #12 LSU beats #7 Illinois, 47-34
• 2002 31st Fiesta Bowl: #2 Oregon beats #3 Colorado, 38-16
• 2003 89th Rose Bowl: #8 Oklahoma beats #7 Washington State, 34-14
• 2003 69th Sugar Bowl: #4 Georgia beats #16 Florida State, 26-13
• 2004 In a vote of confidence, Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf wins 658 out of 1,170 votes in the Electoral College and is "deemed to be elected" as President according to Pakistan Constitution (Article 41(8))
• 2004 90th Rose Bowl: #1 Southern California beats #4 Michigan, 28-14
• 2004 70th Orange Bowl: #10 Miami (FL) beats #9 Florida State, 16-14
• 2005 91st Rose Bowl: #6 Texas beats #13 Michigan, 38-37
• 2005 34th Fiesta Bowl: #5 Utah beats #19 Pittsburgh, 35-7
• 2006 Sydney, Australia swelters through its hottest New Years Day on record. The thermometre peaked at 45 degrees celsius, sparking bushfires and power outages.
• 2007 Bulgaria and Romania officially join the European Union. Also, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Irish become official languages of the European Union, joining 20 other official languages.
• 2007 Slovenia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the thirteenth Eurozone country.
• 2007 Adam Air Flight 574 disappears over Indonesia with 102 people on board.
• 2007 93rd Rose Bowl: #8 Southern California beats #3 Michigan, 32-18
• 2007 36th Fiesta Bowl: #9 Boise State beats #7 Oklahoma, 43-42 (OT)
• 2008 A New Hampshire law legalizing civil unions for same-sex couples comes into effect.
• 2008 Malta and Cyprus officially adopt the Euro currency and become the fourteenth and fifteenth Eurozone countries.
• 2008 94th Rose Bowl: #6 Southern California beats #13 Illinois, 49-17
• 2008 74th Sugar Bowl: #5 Georgia beats #10 Hawai'i, 41-10
• 2009 Slovakia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the sixteenth Eurozone country.
• 2009 61 die in nightclub fire in Bangkok, Thailand.
• 2009 The government of the Republic of China adopts Hanyu Pinyin as its official Chinese romanization (before this time, the most commonly used was Tongyong Pinyin.
• 2009 95th Rose Bowl: #5 Southern California beats #6 Penn State, 38-24
• 2009 75th Orange Bowl: #21 Virginia Tech beats #12 Cincinnati, 20-7
• 2010 Suicide car bomb detonates at a volleyball tournament in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, killing 105 and injuring 100
• 2010 96th Rose Bowl: #8 Ohio State beats #7 Oregon, 26-17
• 2010 76th Sugar Bowl: #5 Florida beats #3 Cincinnati, 51-24
• 2011 97th Rose Bowl: #3 TCU beats #4 Wisconsin, 21-19
• 2011 40th Fiesta Bowl: #9 Oklahoma beats #25 Connecticut, 48-20
• 2013 13 FARC members are killed by an airstrike by the Colombian military
• 2013 13 Boko Harem members are killed by Nigeria’s military in Maiduguri
• 2013 60 people are killed and 200 are injured after a stampede following New Year celebrations
• 2013 18 people are killed and 16 wounded after a bus and mini-bus collision in Thiès, Senegal
• 2013 10 people are killed and 120 are injured in a stampede in Luanda, Angola
• 2013 US bi-partisan deal temporarily avoids the fiscal cliff
• 2013 Magnus Carlsen breaks Garry Kasparov's chess FIDE rating, reaching 2,861
• 2013 99th Rose Bowl: #8 Stanford beats Wisconsin, 20-14
• 2013 79th Orange Bowl: #13 Florida State beats #16 Northern Illinois, 31-10
• 2014 Michael van Gerwen defeats Peter Wright to win the 2014 PDC World Darts Championship
• 2014 100th Rose Bowl: #4 Michigan State beats #5 Stanford, 24-20
• 2014 43rd Fiesta Bowl: #15 UCF beats #6 Baylor, 52-42
• 2015 Lithuania adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas and becoming the 19th member of the Eurozone
• 2015 Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
• 2015 101st Rose Bowl: #2 Oregon beats #3 Florida State, 59-20 (National Championship Playoff Semi-Final)
• 2015 81st Sugar Bowl: #4 Ohio State beats #1 Alabama, 42-35 (National Championship Playoff Semi-Final Game)
• 2016 Dubai skyscraper "The Address" burns as the New Year is rung in. Fire started on the 31st.
• 2016 After floods along the Mississippi River kill 31, Exxon Mobil Corp decides to close a plant in flood threatened Memphis